Ayyukan Gaci na Quantum-Safe: Tsare Tsarin Kwamfuta Rarraba

1. Gabatarwa

Haɗuwar ƙididdigar gaci da fasahar quantum yana ba da dama da ba a taɓa ganin irinta ba tare da ƙalubalen tsaro masu mahimmanci. Wannan takarda tana magance matsalar asali ta tsare sadarwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdigar Gaci na Multi-access (MEC) daga barazanar kwamfutocin gargajiya da na quantum na gaba. Maganin da aka gabatar yana amfani da Rarraba Maɓalli na Quantum (QKD) a cikin tsarin gine-ginen ETSI da aka daidaita don ƙirƙirar ayyukan gaci na quantum-safe.

Yanayin rarraba na ƙididdigar gaci, musamman a cikin yanayin tarayya da ya haɗa da yankuna amana da yawa, yana ƙara ƙarancin tsaro na gargajiya. Kwamfutocin quantum, tare da yuwuwar su karya sirrin maɓalli na jama'a na yanzu (misali, RSA, ECC ta hanyar algorithm na Shor), suna buƙatar canji mai ƙarfi zuwa hanyoyin juriya na quantum. QKD yana ba da tsaro na ka'idar bayanai bisa dokokin injiniyoyin quantum, yana mai da shi ɗan takara mai ƙarfi don tsaro na dogon lokaci a cikin mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa na gaci.

2. Amfanin Da Ya Ƙarfafa

Bukatar tsaron gaci na quantum-safe ana motsa shi ta hanyar aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci inda ingancin bayanai da sirri suka fi mahimmanci.

2.1 Tsaron Cyber a Lafiya

Kiwon lafiya na zamani yana ƙara dogaro da bincike na AI da sa ido na haƙuri na ainihi a gefe. Koyon tarayya a tsakanin tsarin MEC na asibiti yana ba da damar horar da samfurin haɗin gwiwa ba tare da raba bayanan haƙuri na danye ba. Duk da haka, sadarwar sabuntawar samfura da bayanan sirri masu mahimmanci tsakanin nodes na gefe yana buƙatar tsaro mara sharadi. Keta zai iya haifar da gyare-gyaren bincike ko keta sirri. QKD yana tabbatar da cewa maɓallan maɓalli masu daidaito da ake amfani da su don ɓoye wannan zirga-zirgar ana musanya su tare da ingantaccen tsaro, yana karewa daga sauraro ko da ta abokan gaba masu iya quantum.

2.2 Tsaron IoT na Masana'antu

A cikin kera mai wayo, siginonin sarrafawa da bayanan firikwensin daga mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa (misali, hanyoyin wutar lantarki, layukan samarwa ta atomatik) ana sarrafa su a gefe don ƙananan jinkiri. Rashin daidaituwa na waɗannan siginonin zai iya haifar da lalacewa ta jiki da asarar tattalin arziki. Ƙungiyar tsarin gefe daga masu kaya daban-daban (OEMs) yana haifar da iyakoki amana masu rikitarwa. QKD yana ba da hanyar kafa tashoshi masu tsaro tsakanin waɗannan yankuna amana daban-daban, masu yuwuwar adawa, suna zama ginshiƙin tsarin gine-gine mara aminci don IoT na Masana'antu.

3. Tsarin Haɗin gwiwa na ETSI MEC & QKD

Babban gudummawar fasaha shine cikakken tsarin gine-gine wanda ke haɗa ETSI MEC (GS MEC 003) tare da ƙa'idodin ETSI QKD (GS QKD 004, 011).

3.1 Abubuwan Tsarin Gine-gine

Tsarin ya ƙunshi: 1) Mai masaukin MEC da Dandamalin MEC suna sarrafa aikace-aikace, 2) Ƙungiyoyin QKD (QKDN) waɗanda aka haɗa a kowane kusurwar gefe, 3) Manajan Cibiyar Sadarwar QKD (QKDM) don sarrafa maɓalli a cikin ƙungiyar, da 4) Nodi Amincewa (TNs) don mika maɓalli tsakanin yankuna. Dandamalin MEC yana fallasa daidaitaccen Interface na Bayar da Maɓalli (KDI) don neman maɓallai masu tsaro na quantum daga QKDN na gida don ɓoyayyen matakin aikace-aikace (misali, TLS).

3.2 Yarjejeniyar Musanya Maɓalli

Aikin yana haɗawa da: 1) Aikace-aikacen MEC yana neman zaman lafiya; 2) Dandamalin MEC yana tambayar QKDM ta hanyar KDI; 3) QKDM yana tsara samar da maɓalli tsakanin QKDNs na ƙarshen sadarwa (mai yiwuwa ta hanyar TNs); 4) Maɓallan maɓalli masu daidaito da aka samar ana isar da su cikin aminci zuwa Dandamalin MEC daban-daban; 5) Aikace-aikace suna amfani da waɗannan maɓallai don ɓoyayye. Wannan yana raba samar da maɓalli na quantum daga kwararar bayanan aikace-aikace na gargajiya.

3.3 Haɗin Nodi Amincewa

Don ƙungiyar a kan iyakokin yanki ko gudanarwa inda hanyoyin haɗin kai kai tsaye na QKD ba zai yiwu ba, Nodi Amincewa suna aiki azaman masu shiga tsakani. TN yana kafa hanyoyin haɗin QKD daban-daban tare da yankunan gefe guda biyu, yana karɓar maɓallai daga kowanne, yana aiwatar da aikin XOR na hankali ko sake raba maɓalli, kuma ya tura sakamakon. Tsaron maɓalli daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe yana da sharadi akan ingancin TN—ƙayyadaddun iyaka wanda ke ƙuntata amfani da shi a cikin iyakoki masu tsaro kamar cibiyar sadarwar bincike ta ƙasa ko ginshiƙi na sirri na kamfani guda.

4. Aiwartawa na Fasaha & Tushen Lissafi

4.1 Aiwartawar Yarjejeniyar BB84

Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gabatar yana ɗauka amfani da yarjejeniyar QKD ta BB84 ko bambance-bambancen sa. Tsaro ya samo asali ne daga ƙa'idodin injiniyoyin quantum:

Rashin Tabbaci na Quantum: Mai sauraro (Eve) ba zai iya auna yanayin quantum (qubit) ba tare da damun shi ba. Don qubit a cikin yanayi $|0\rangle$ ko $|1\rangle$ (Z-basis), ma'auni a cikin X-basis $(|+\rangle, |-\rangle)$ yana ba da sakamako bazuwar, yana gabatar da kurakurai masu ganewa.
Ka'idar Rashin Kwafi: Ba zai yiwu a ƙirƙiri kwafi iri ɗaya na wani yanayin quantum da ba a sani ba, yana hana Eve kwafin qubits da aka aika daidai don bincike daga baya.

Ƙimar maɓalli mai tsaro (SKR) a ƙarƙashin hare-haren gamayya, bin dabarar Gottesman-Lo-Lütkenhaus-Preskill (GLLP), ana kiyasin ta da: $$R \geq q \{ Q_{\mu}[1 - f(\delta)h_2(\delta)] - Q_{\mu} \Delta \}$$ inda $q$ shine ma'aunin daidaita tushe, $Q_{\mu}$ shine riba (ƙimar ganowa), $\delta$ shine ƙimar kuskuren bit na quantum (QBER), $f(\delta)$ shine ingancin gyara kuskure, $h_2$ shine aikin entropy na binary, kuma $\Delta$ shine kalmar haɓaka sirri. Don yanayin gefe tare da gajerun hanyoyin haɗi (<50 km), $\delta$ yawanci ƙasa ne (<3%), yana ba da damar SKRs masu amfani na 1-10 kbps, wadanda suka isa don sabunta maɓalli mai daidaito akai-akai.

4.2 Binciken Sigogin Tsaro

Tsaron maɓalli na ƙarshe an ƙayyade shi ta $\epsilon$, matsakaicin yuwuwar gazawar yarjejeniyar. Don $\epsilon_{\text{sec}} = 10^{-9}$ (damar gazawar tsaro ɗaya cikin biliyan) da $\epsilon_{\text{cor}} = 10^{-15}$ (kuskuren daidaito maras muhimmanci), tsawon maɓalli na ƙarshe da ake buƙata $\ell$ bayan haɓaka sirri daga $n$ raunin rago shine: $$\ell \approx n [1 - h_2(\delta + \mu)] - \text{leak}_{\text{EC}} - \log_2 \frac{2}{\epsilon_{\text{cor}}\epsilon_{\text{sec}}^2}$$ inda $\mu$ shine sigar sauye-sauyen ƙididdiga kuma $\text{leak}_{\text{EC}}$ shine bayanin da aka ɓoye yayin gyara kuskure. Wannan yana ƙididdige ciniki tsakanin nisa (tasirin $\delta$), ƙimar maɓalli, da ƙarfin tsaro.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Binciken Aiki

Yayin da takardar ta kasance da farko ta gine-gine, tana nuni ga ma'auni na aiki daga gwaje-gwajen haɗin kai na ETSI QKD da bincike masu alaƙa. Manyan binciken sun haɗa da:

Ma'auni na Aiki

Ƙimar Maɓalli: 1-5 kbps sama da fiber 20-30 km daidaitacce, wanda ya dace da nisan gungu na gefe.
Jinkiri: Bayar da maɓalli daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe (gami da shawarwarin QKD da bayarwa ta KDI) yana ƙara kayan sama na 100-500 ms, wanda ya dace da yawancin musafaha na aikace-aikacen gefe amma ba don madaukai sarrafawa masu ƙarancin jinkiri ba.
Kayan Sama na Haɗin kai: Interface na Dandamalin MEC-QKDN yana ƙara nauyin CPU <5% don sarrafa maɓalli akan sabobin gefe na yau da kullun.
Iyaka - Nodi Amincewa: Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa kowace tsalle-tsalle ta TN tana rage ingantaccen SKR da kusan 40% kuma tana ƙara jinkiri da kusan 200 ms, yana nuna hukuncin aiki na ƙungiyar a kan yankuna marasa aminci.

Fassarar Chati (Nuni zuwa Fig. 1 & 2): Hoto na 1 yana kwatanta yanayin ƙididdigar rarraba tare da raba ayyukan aiki a kan nodes na gefe da yawa da gajimare. Hoto na 2 yana nuna ƙungiyar MEC inda yankuna gudanarwa daban-daban (misali, Mai aiki A, B) suka haɗa kai. Ƙalubalen tsaro shine tsare layukan da aka zana wanda ke wakiltar sadarwa tsakanin yankuna. Haɗin QKD da aka gabatar yana nufin kare waɗannan takamaiman hanyoyin haɗi masu rauni a cikin iyakar birni na hanyoyin sadarwar QKD.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Samfurin Barazana & Kimanta Tsaro

Nazarin Shari'a: Tsare Aikin Koyo na Tarayya (FL) don Hoton Magani.

Yanayi: Asibitoci uku (H1, H2, H3) tare da gungun MEC nasu suna haɗin gwiwa don horar da samfurin AI don gano ƙari ba tare da raba binciken haƙuri ba.

Samfurin Barazana: Abokin gaba yana nufin 1) Sace sabuntawar samfurin (duk mallakar fasaha), 2) Guba bayanan horo ta hanyar sabuntawa da aka sarrafa, 3) Sauraro don tantance bayanan haƙuri masu mahimmanci daga tsarin sabuntawa.

Aiwatar da Tsarin QKD-MEC:

Kafa Maɓalli: Kafin kowane zagaye na FL, mai tara tsakiya (a cikin MEC na H1) yana amfani da tsarin QKD don kafa sabbin maɓallai masu daidaito tare da Dandamalin MEC na H2 da H3.
Jigilar Tsaro: Sabuntawar samfura daga H2 da H3 ana ɓoye su ta amfani da AES-256-GSM, tare da maɓallin da aka samo daga tsarin QKD, kafin watsawa.
Inganci & Tabbatarwa: Kayan maɓalli da QKD ya bayar kuma ana amfani da su don samar da HMACs don kowane sabuntawa, yana tabbatar da inganci da tabbatar da tushe.
Tabbacin Tsaro: Ko da abokin gaba yana da kwamfutar quantum na gaba, ba za su iya karya ɓoyayyen sabuntawar samfurin da aka adana a baya ba saboda tsaron ya dogara ne akan tsaron ka'idar bayanai na QKD, ba ƙarfin lissafi ba.

Binciken Giba: Tsarin ba ya karewa daga masu mugunta a ciki a matakin aikace-aikacen MEC ko TNs da aka lalata. Waɗannan suna buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyi kamar yankunan aiwatarwa amintattu (TEEs) da ingantaccen takaddun shaida na TN.

7. Ayyukan Gaba & Jagororin Bincike

Haɗin QKD da ƙididdigar gefe mataki ne na tushe. Jagororin gaba dole ne su magance gibin na yanzu:

Haɗin Sirri Bayan Quantum (PQC): Aiwarta tsarin haɗin QKD-PQC (misali, haɗa QKD tare da CRYSTALS-Kyber) don yanayin da hanyoyin haɗin QKD suka gaza, tabbatar da faɗuwar alheri ba tare da koma baya na tsaro ba. Tsarin daidaitawa na PQC na NIST yana da mahimmanci a nan.
Rikodin Sabis na Quantum-Secure: Saka bayar da maɓalli na QKD kai tsaye cikin ɓangaren gefe na sabis na gefe (misali, Istio, Linkerd) don jujjuyawar takaddun shaida na mTLS ta atomatik tare da maɓallai masu tsaro na quantum.
Satellite-QKD don Gefen Karkara: Yin amfani da tauraron dan adam na ƙasan duniya (LEO) satellite QKD (kamar yadda tauraron dan adam na Micius na China da ayyukan ESA masu zuwa suka nuna) don faɗaɗa tsaro na quantum-safe zuwa wuraren gefe masu nisa fiye da isar fiber.
Daidaita APIs: Turawa don haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tsakanin ETSI MEC, QKD, da ƙa'idodin IETF (misali, ayyana ƙari na TLS 1.3 mai sanin QKD) don turawa haɗin kai na mai sayarwa da amfani da yawa.
Haɗin Mai Maimaitawa na Quantum: Bincike na dogon lokaci cikin haɗa fasahohin mai maimaitawa na quantum masu tasowa don kawar da matsalar toshewar nodi amintattu, yana ba da damar ƙungiyar gefe mai tsaro na quantum na gaske mai nisa, mara amana.

8. Bincike Mai Mahimmanci & Ra'ayin Masana'antu

Fahimta ta Asali: Wannan takarda muhimmiyar gada ce mai dacewa tsakanin fagage biyu masu saurin ci gaba amma keɓaɓɓu: hanyoyin sadarwar quantum da ƙididdigar gefe mai amfani. Babban ƙimarta ba a cikin gabatar da sabon kimiyyar QKD ba ne, amma a cikin tsarin haɗin kai na tsarin mai amfani, wanda ya dogara da ƙa'idodi da ta bayar. Ya gano daidai cewa gasar gasa ta ainihin abubuwan more rayuwa na quantum-safe za a ci ko a rasa a cikin duniyar da ba ta da kyau ta APIs, tsarin gado, da haɗin kai, ba kawai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba.

Kwararar Hankali & Dalili na Dabarun: Hankalin marubutan yana da inganci kuma yana sane da kasuwa. Sun fara da yanayin ƙungiyar gefe da ba makawa (wanda farashi da jinkiri suka motsa), suna nuna raunin tsaron sa, sannan suka sanya QKD ba a matsayin magani ba amma a matsayin magani mai niyya don mafi rauni hanyoyin haɗin yanki. Ta hanyar kafa maganin a cikin ƙa'idodin ETSI, suna ba da hanya mai yuwuwa don aiwatarwa, suna guje wa tarkon "samfuri na musamman" wanda ke addabar yawancin ƙoƙarin haɗin quantum/classical. Wannan yayi daidai da littafin wasan tsaron gajimare mai nasara, inda ƙa'idodi kamar TLS suka zama ko'ina ta hanyar irin wannan haɗin kai.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin takardar shine gine-ginenta na kankare da tattaunawa ta gaskiya game da iyakoki, musamman matsalar nodi amintattu da ƙuntatawar yankin birni. Duk da haka, yana da kyakkyawan fata game da shirye-shiryen APIs na ETSI QKD na ɗan gajeren lokaci da farashin haɗin ƙungiyar QKD don kayan aikin gefe na kasuwa mai yawa. Hakanan yana ƙaramin bayyana mahimman rikitarwar sarrafa maɓalli da aka gabatar a sikeli. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin "Sirrin Quantum a Aiki" bita ta Andersen et al., ƙimar maɓalli da kayan sarrafa hanyar sadarwa sun kasance shinge maras muhimmanci. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ambaton sirri bayan quantum (PQC), yana ɗaukar shi azaman waƙa daban. Tsarin gaba mafi ƙarfi zai kasance mai yiwuwa tsarin haɗin QKD-PQC, yana amfani da QKD don mafi ƙimar hanyoyin haɗi kuma PQC a matsayin faɗuwa, wani abu mai mahimmanci wanda ya cancanci ƙarin girmamawa.

Hanyoyin Aiki: Ga masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu:

Masu Bayar da Gaci & Telcos: Fara yanzu tare da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje suna haɗa kayan kimantawa na QKD tare da dandamalin MEC ku. Mayar da hankali kan haɗin Interface na Bayar da Maɓalli (KDI). Karkatar da koyo yana da tsayi, kuma gogewa ta farko rami ne mai gasa.
Ƙungiyoyin Tsaro: Gudanar da kimanta barazana musamman yana kai hari ga sadarwar gefe tsakanin yankuna ku. Yi amfani da tsarin wannan takarda don yin samfuri inda QKD zai ba da mafi girman ROI idan aka kwatanta da inda ƙaura na PQC zai iya isa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Masu Sayarwa (Intel, Cisco, da sauransu): Haɓaka ƙirar tunani don sabobin gefe masu ikon QKD ko NICs. Haɗin kai dole ne ya motsa daga rak na kayan aiki na musamman zuwa ƙungiyar da za a iya toshewa ko ɓangaren kan jirgin don cimma burin farashi.
Ƙungiyoyin Ma'auni (ETSI, IETF): Haɓaka aiki akan bayanan martaba na haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin aiki na MEC da QKD. Ayyana shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida don Nodi Amincewa don gina amana na yanayin muhalli.

Layin ƙasa: Wannan takarda hanya ce mai jan hankali kuma dole ne injiniya. Yin watsi da jagorarta yana haifar da haɗa babban yadudduka na ƙididdigar gefe na tarayya wanda ke da rauni ga mafi ƙarfin barazana na shekaru goma masu zuwa. Lokacin tsara gine-gine yanzu ne, ba lokacin da hare-haren quantum ke gabatowa ba.

9. Nassoshi

ETSI, "Ƙididdigar Gaci na Multi-access (MEC); Tsarin da Tsarin Tunani," GS MEC 003, V3.1.1, 2022.
ETSI, "Rarraba Maɓalli na Quantum (QKD); Yarjejeniya da tsarin bayanai na API na bayar da maɓalli na REST," GS QKD 004, V1.1.1, 2021.
Gottesman, D., Lo, H.-K., Lütkenhaus, N., & Preskill, J. (2004). Tsaron rarraba maɓalli na quantum tare da na'urori marasa kyau. Bayanin Quantum & Lissafi, 4(5), 325–360.
Andersen, R. J., et al. (2023). Sirrin Quantum a Aiki: Ƙalubale da Ci gaba. Proceedings of the IEEE, 111(5), 1-25. (Tushen waje don ƙalubalen aiki).
Cibiyar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa (NIST). (2024). Daidaita Sirri Bayan Quantum. [Kan layi]. Ana samu: https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography (Tushen waje don matsayin PQC).
Ƙaddamar da EuroQCI. Abubuwan More Rayuwa na Sadarwar Quantum na Turai. Hukumar Turai. [Kan layi]. Ana samu: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-quantum-communication-infrastructure-euroqci (Tushen waje don ƙoƙarin aiwatarwa mai girma).
Shor, P. W. (1994). Algorithms don lissafin quantum: logarithms discrete da factoring. Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 124-134.