1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
Takardar "Shawarar Samun Ikon Kwamfuta Na Kowa Da Kowa" ta gano bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban AI na zamani: yanayin zuwa ga samfuran da ke buƙatar albarkatu masu yawa, waɗanda ƴan ƙungiyoyi ke sarrafawa, sabanin yuwuwar AI mai buɗe ido, wanda aka ba da dama ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar buɗe tushen samfura da dabarun aiwa masu inganci. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa don tabbatar da makomar AI mai haɗa kowa, dole ne mu yi ƙoƙari don magance tattarawa ta hanyar faɗaɗa damar samun albarkatun asali da ke ƙarfafa ci gaban AI: ikon lissafi.
Wannan ya kai ga gabatar da Samun Ikon Kwamfuta Na Kowa Da Kowa (UBCP), wani shiri na siyasa da aka tsara don tabbatar da samun damar albarkatun lissafi na asali kyauta ga duniya baki ɗaya, musamman don bincike da haɓaka AI (R&D). An tsara ra'ayin a matsayin kwatankwacin Zamani na Dijital ga Samun Kudin Shiga Na Kowa Da Kowa (UBI), da nufin samar da tushe mara sharadi don shiga cikin tattalin arzikin da AI ke tafiyar da shi.
Mahimman Bayanai
- Haɗarin Tattarawa: Haɓaka mai yawa a cikin bayanai, sigogi, da buƙatun lissafi yana haifar da babban shinge ga shiga, yana haifar da haɗarin makomar AI da ƴan manyan kamfanoni ko ƙasashe ke sarrafawa.
- Buɗe Tushe a matsayin Maƙwabta: Shirye-shirye kamar buɗe tushen LLaMA 2 da Claude 2 sun nuna hanya mai yuwuwa zuwa ga dimokuradiyya, amma fa'idodinsu a halin yanzu sun iyakance ga ƴan tsiraru masu damar fasaha.
- UBCP a matsayin Magani: An ba da shawarar tabbataccen rarraba ikon lissafi kyauta don R&D na AI a matsayin abin jama'a da ake buƙata don daidaita filin wasa da haɓaka ƙirƙira mai yawa.
2. Shirin UBCP: Ka'idoji na Asali
An gina tsarin UBCP akan ginshiƙai uku na asali waɗanda ke bayyana iyakokinsa da falsafar aiki.
2.1 Samun Damar Kyauta
An yi wahayi ta hanyar UBI, babban ka'ida shine cewa dole ne a samar da UBCP ba tare da wani sharadi ba kuma kyauta. Samun dama bai kamata ya dogara da ilimin fasaha, matsayin tattalin arziki, ko alaƙar cibiyar ba. Manufar a bayyane yake ita ce kafa hanyar haɗin kai da rashin irin wannan ilimin ya haifar, yana mai da shi kayan ƙarfafawa maimakon lada ga gata da ke akwai. Ana amfani da shi kawai ga ayyukan R&D na AI don tabbatar da cewa albarkatun yana cimma manufarsa na haɓaka ƙirƙira.
2.2 Haɗa AI na Zamani
Kawai samar da lissafi danye (misali, sa'o'in GPU) bai isa ba. Dole ne UBCP ya zama dandamali da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa sabbin ci gaban kayan aikin AI da ilimi. Wannan ya haɗa da:
- Samfuran tushe masu tacewa da matsewa cikin inganci (misali, ƙananan bambance-bambancen manyan samfura).
- Manyan tarukan bayanai na horo masu inganci, waɗanda aka samo su cikin ɗa'a, tare da cikakkun takardun bayanai.
- Ma'auni na daidaitawa don kimantawa.
- Kayan aikin mulki da ɗa'a na AI (misali, don gano son kai, bayyanawa).
Ya kamata dandamalin ya ɗauki falsafar ƙira mai ƙarancin lamba/ba lamba ba, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar dandamali na kasuwanci, yana ba masu amfani damar haɗa aikace-aikacen AI daga ginshiƙan da aka riga aka gina, ta haka yana rage shingen fasaha.
2.3 Samun Damar Kowa
Haƙiƙanin duniya yana buƙatar shawo kan rarrabuwar dijital. Dole ne mu'amalar UBCP ta kasance:
- Na wayar hannu da farko: Cikakken aiki akan wayoyin hannu, waɗanda suke babban wurin shiga intanet a yankunan da ba a isa ba.
- Mai Bin Ka'idojin Samun Damar: Yin bin ka'idoji kamar WCAG don hidima ga masu amfani da nakasa.
- Mai Haɗa Hankali: Yin amfani da hangen nesa, raye-raye, da wasa don sa ra'ayoyin AI masu rikitarwa su fahimci ga masu amfani daban-daban, gami da yara da tsofaffi.
- An Kafa Shi: An fassara shi gaba ɗaya, tare da daidaita sharuɗɗan fasaha don yanayin harshe da al'adu na duniya.
3. Dalili & Bayani
3.1 Amfanin Mai Daidaitawa Da Mutum
Hujja ta yi kama da hujjojin UBI, ta ta'allaka ne akan jigo uku:
- Ƙarfafawa: Yana ba kowa da kowane hanyar haɓaka ilimin AI da daidaitawa da canjin fasaha.
- Keɓancewa: Yana ba mutane damar daidaita hanyoyin magance AI ga bukatunsu na musamman na gida, al'adu, ko na sirri, suna motsawa fiye da samfuran daidai guda ɗaya daga masu samarwa na tsakiya.
- 'Yancin Kai: Yana rage dogaro ga dandamali na AI na mallakar mallaka, yana ba da ɗaiɗaikun mutane da al'ummomi mafi girman iko akan fasahohin da ke shafar rayuwarsu.
3.2 Ƙarfafa Masu Ruwa Da Tsaki
Takardar tana kira ga manyan masu ruwa da tsaki—manyan dandamali na fasaha, masu ba da gudummawar buɗe tushe, da masu tsara manufofi—don tallafawa UBCP. Ga dandamali, zai iya zama nau'in haɗin gwiwa kafin gasa wanda ke haɓaka kasuwa gabaɗaya da taron gwaninta. Ga al'ummar buɗe tushe, yana ba da babban tushe na masu amfani masu himma. Ga masu tsara manufofi, yana magance damuwa game da rashin daidaiton dijital, ƙaura na tattalin arziki, da ikon mallakar fasaha.
4. Tsarin Fasaha & Aiwa
4.1 Bayyani Game da Tsarin Fasaha
Tsarin UBCP mai yuwuwa zai zama dandamali na gajimare wanda aka gina akan samfuri na tarayya, mai yiwuwa yana amfani da albarkatun lissafi da ba a yi amfani da su ba daga cibiyoyin bayanai na duniya (kamar ra'ayin Folding@home amma don AI). Tsarin ainihin zai raba matakin samar da albarkatu daga matakin kayan aikin AI da mu'amalar mai amfani.
4.2 Tsarin Lissafi don Rarraba Albarkatu
Hanyar rarraba daidai tana da mahimmanci. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurin zai iya dogara ne akan tsarin jerin gwano na yankakken lokaci. Kowane mai amfani i yana karɓar rarraba maimaitawa na "ƙimar lissafi" $C_i(t)$ a kowane lokaci $t$ (misali, kowane wata). Lokacin da mai amfani ya gabatar da aiki tare da kimanta farashin lissafi $E_j$, yana shiga cikin jerin gwano. Tsarin yana nufin haɓaka amfanin gabaɗaya dangane da kasafin kuɗi na duniya $B$.
Maƙasudin aiki mai sauƙaƙe don tsarawa zai iya zama:
$\text{Maximize } \sum_{j} U_j(E_j, p_j) \cdot x_j$
$\text{Subject to: } \sum_{j} E_j \cdot x_j \leq B$
Inda $U_j$ shine aikin amfani don aikin $j$ (wanda zai iya haɗa fifikon mai amfani $p_j$, watakila yana da alaƙa da amfani da baya don haɓaka daidaito), kuma $x_j$ shine maɓalli mai nuna idan an gudanar da aikin.
4.3 Aikin Samfuri & Sakamakon Kwaikwayo
Duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar UBCP, kwaikwayoyin da suka dogara da farashin gajimare da buƙatun samfurin buɗe tushe na iya zama mai bayyanawa. Misali, samar da kowane mai amfani na duniya tare da ƙayyadaddun wata da ke iya daidaita tsarin harshe mai matsakaicin girma (misali, sigogi 7B) akan ƙaramin tarin bayanai zai buƙaci babban kayayyakin more rayuwa. Samfurin farko yana nuna ma'auni mara layi na farashi vs. amfanin mai amfani.
Bayanin Taswirar Kwaikwayo: Taswira mai layi wanda ke nuna "Amfanin Ƙirƙira na Al'umma a Tari" akan Y-axis da "Jimlar Kasafin Lissafi na UBCP (PetaFLOP/s-Kwanaki)" akan X-axis. Lanƙwan yana da zurfi da farko, yana wakiltar samun damar asali da ribar ilimi, sannan ya tashi da ƙarfi a cikin yanki na "mafi mahimmanci" inda masu amfani za su iya yin R&D mai ma'ana, kafin ya tsaya yayin da ribar gefe ta ragu don rarraba mai yawa sosai. Taswirar ta nuna buƙatar niyya don kasafin kuɗi don isa ga madaidaicin lanƙwan.
5. Tsarin Nazari: Nazarin Lamari
Yanayi: Mai binciken lafiyar jama'a a yanki mai ƙarancin kuɗi yana son haɓaka kayan aikin AI na bincike don cutar gida ta amfani da hoton likita, amma ba shi da albarkatun lissafi da ƙwarewar koyo mai zurfi.
Aikace-aikacen UBCP:
- Samun Damar: Mai binciken ya shiga cikin tashar UBCP ta wayar hannu.
- Zaɓin Kayan Aiki: Yana amfani da mu'amala mai ƙarancin lamba don zaɓar samfurin tushe na hangen nesa da aka riga aka horar da shi, wanda ya dace da likita (misali, nau'in da aka tace na samfuri kamar PubMedCLIP) kuma ya haɗa shi da ginshiƙin daidaita samfuri.
- Bayanai & Lissafi: Yana ɗora ƙaramin tarin hotunan gida da ba a san sunansu ba. Kayan aikin mulkin dandamalin suna taimakawa ƙirƙirar takardar bayanai. Mai binciken ya keɓance ƙimar lissafinsa na wata-wata ga aikin daidaitawa.
- Haɓakawa & Kimantawa: Aikin yana gudana akan kayayyakin more rayuwa na tarayya. Dandamalin yana ba da daidaitattun ma'auni na hoton likita don kimantawa. Mai binciken yana maimaita akan samfurin ta amfani da allon bayyani mai sauƙi.
- Sakamako: An ƙirƙiri kayan aikin bincike na gida, wanda aka keɓance ba tare da saka hannun jari na farko a cikin kayan aiki ko ƙwarewar AI mai zurfi ba, yana nuna yuwuwar ƙarfafa UBCP.
6. Ayyuka na Gaba & Taswirar Ci Gaba
Gajeren Lokaci (1-3 shekaru): Shirye-shiryen gwaji a cikin saitunan ilimi ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, suna mai da hankali kan samar da dama ga ɗalibai da masu bincike a yankunan masu tasowa. Haɗawa tare da dandamali na ilimi da ke akwai (misali, darussan AI na Coursera, edX) don samar da lissafi na hannu.
Matsakaicin Lokaci (3-7 shekaru): Kafa asusun UBCP na ƙasa ko yanki, mai yiwuwa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ta hanyar haraji akan amfani da lissafin AI na kasuwanci ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen kayayyakin more rayuwa na dijital na jama'a. Haɓaka yanayi masu ƙarfi, masu yashi don gwajin AI mai aminci.
Dogon Lokaci (7+ shekaru): UBCP a matsayin haƙƙin dijital da aka amince da shi a duniya, wanda aka haɗa shi cikin tsare-tsare na duniya. Juyin halitta na dandamali don tallafawa horon AI mai rarrabuwa da koyo na tarayya a ma'auni, yana ba da damar haɓaka samfurin haɗin gwiwa ba tare da tattara bayanai na tsakiya ba. Yuwuwar haɗuwa tare da hanyoyin sadarwa na jiki masu rarrabuwa (DePIN) don samun lissafi.
7. Nazari Mai Zurfi & Sharhin Kwararru
Bayanin Asali: Shawarar UBCP na Zhu ba kawai gyaran fasaha ba ne; yana da wani shiga tsakani na siyasa da tattalin arziki mai zurfi da nufin hana "sarautar lissafi". Ya gano daidai damar samun lissafi, ba kawai algorithms ko bayanai ba, a matsayin sabon iyaka na rashin daidaito. Kwatankwacin UBCP da UBI ya dace amma bai bayyana rikitarwa ba—duk da yake kuɗi yana da sauƙi, dole ne a haɗa lissafi da kayan aiki da ilimi cikin hikima don ya zama mai amfani, yana mai da UBCP abin jama'a mai rikitarwa.
Kwararren Hanyar Hankali: Hujjar tana bin tsari mai jan hankali, mai aukuwa uku: (1) Gano matsalar (tattarawa ta hanyar dokokin ma'auni na lissafi), (2) Ba da shawarar maganin (ginshiƙai uku na UBCP), (3) Kira ga aiki (kira ga masu ruwa da tsaki). Hankali yana da inganci, amma yana wucewa kan manyan ƙalubalen mulki—wa ke yanke shawarar abin da samfuran ke "na zamani" akan dandamali? Ta yaya aka ayyana "R&D na AI" sabanin amfani da aka haramta? Waɗannan tambayoyin siyasa ne marasa banza, ba na fasaha ba.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Babban ƙarfin takardar shine hangen nesa na lokaci da buri. Ya wuce hannun dama game da ɗa'a na AI zuwa ga takamaiman shawara mai tushe da albarkatu. Ƙarfafa samun damar wayar hannu da kafa yana nuna zurfin fahimtar rarrabuwar dijital na zahiri. Kirin haɗa kayan aiki, ba kawai zagayawa danye ba, ya yi daidai da bincike daga Cibiyar Stanford don AI Mai Daidaitawa Da Mutum (HAI), wanda ke jaddada mahimmancin amfani da ilimi a cikin dimokuradiyya.
Kurakurai: Giwa a cikin ɗaki shine kuɗi da dorewa. Takardar ba ta yi magana game da kimanta farashin ba, wanda zai zama mai girma ga bullar duniya. Ba kamar UBCP ba, inda canja wurin kuɗi ke da masu ninkaya na tattalin arziki a bayyane, dawowar saka hannun jari don lissafi na duniya yana da wahalar ƙididdigewa. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin dandamalin da kansa ya zama sabon ƙarfin tsakiya ko abin da aka yi niyya don amfani mara kyau (misali, samar da ɓarna) ba a magance shi yadda ya kamata ba. Shawarwari kamar UBCP dole ne su koyi daga ƙalubalen mulkin da manyan ayyukan bayanan sirri kamar hanyar sadarwa XSEDE suka fuskanta.
Bayanai Masu Aiki: Ga masu tsara manufofi, matakin nan take ba UBCP na duniya ba ne, amma gwaje-gwajen "UBCP-Lite": gajimaren lissafin AI na jama'a da aka ba da kuɗaɗe ga cibiyoyin ilimi da na jama'a, tare da manyan kayan ilimi. Ga kamfanonin fasaha, bayanin shine don kallon gudummawar ga irin waɗannan tafkuna ba a matsayin sadaka ba amma a matsayin saka hannun jari na tsarin muhalli—kamar yadda Google's TPU Research Cloud ko farkon ƙimar API na OpenAI ga masu bincike. Ya kamata al'ummar buɗe tushe su ba da gudummawar ƙa'idodi don aikin AI mai ɗaukar hoto, mai inganci wanda zai iya gudana a cikin kayan aiki daban-daban, yana mai da UBCP na gaba ya yiwu ta fasaha. A ƙarshe, ya kamata a karanta takardar Zhu a matsayin tsokana: muna ƙirƙira tattalin arzikin siyasa na AI a yanzu, kuma idan ba mu ƙirƙira hanyoyin samun dama mai faɗi ba, ba makawa za mu ƙarfafa sabon nau'in mulkin oligarchy na fasaha.
8. Nassoshi
- Zhu, Y. (2023). The Case for Universal Basic Computing Power. Jami'ar Tongji. [Tushen PDF]
- Kaplan, J., et al. (2020). Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models. arXiv:2001.08361.
- Bommasani, R., et al. (2021). On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models. Cibiyar Stanford don Bincike akan Samfuran Tushe (CRFM).
- Gebru, T., et al. (2021). Takardun Bayanai don Tarukan Bayanai. Sadarwar ACM.
- Mitchell, M., et al. (2019). Katunan Samfuri don Rahoton Samfuri. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT*).
- Van Parijs, P., & Vanderborght, Y. (2017). Kudin Shiga na Asali: Shawara Mai Tsauri don Al'umma Mai 'Yanci da Tattalin Arziki Mai Hankali. Jaridar Jami'ar Harvard.
- Cibiyar Stanford don AI Mai Daidaitawa Da Mutum (HAI). (2023). Rahoton Fihirisar AI. https://aiindex.stanford.edu/
- XSEDE: Muhallin Gano Kimiyya da Injiniya Mai Tsanani. https://www.xsede.org/